影響白剛玉、白剛玉微粉等(deng)耐磨材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)磨料(liao)(liao)(liao)磨損的的內(nei)部(bu)因素包括材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的化學成分、微(wei)觀(guan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)特征及(ji)力學性能等(deng)；這里主(zhu)要介紹一下微(wei)觀(guan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)中基體組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)第二相對(dui)白剛(gang)(gang)玉、白剛(gang)(gang)玉微(wei)粉(fen)等(deng)耐磨材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的影響(xiang)。
第二相包括沉(chen)淀析出物(wu)、彌散物(wu)及(ji)軟的(de)徽觀(guan)組(zu)織物(wu)（如硬基體中的(de)殘(can)留奧氏體及(ji)鐵(tie)家體）等。
1、沉(chen)淀析出相-合金(jin)的沉(chen)淀析出相大多為金(jin)屬化合物，可分(fen)(fen)為“硬(ying)”、“軟”兩(liang)種。“軟”質(zhi)點（多為共(gong)格(ge)或半共(gong)格(ge)狀(zhuang)態），在(zai)塑性(xing)(xing)變形時易被滑移位(wei)錯切過．對材料的耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)影響(xiang)不大。反之，運(yun)動(dong)位(wei)錯很難滑移切過“硬(ying)”質(zhi)點（非共(gong)格(ge)），只能繞過。不能被剪切的硬(ying)質(zhi)點通常使(shi)耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)隨硬(ying)度提(ti)高而成比例的提(ti)高。細而分(fen)(fen)散的共(gong)格(ge)、半共(gong)格(ge)硬(ying)質(zhi)點，也能在(zai)一定(ding)程度上提(ti)高耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)。
2、碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)-耐(nai)磨(mo)(mo)鋼鐵(tie)材(cai)料(liao)大多(duo)數是(shi)含有碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的多(duo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)材(cai)料(liao)。碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)在(zai)某種程度(du)上(shang)對耐(nai)磨(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)起決定性(xing)(xing)作用(yong)。不同類型的碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對材(cai)料(liao)的抗(kang)磨(mo)(mo)損能力的影(ying)響并不一樣。同一類型碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)會因含量(liang)(liang)、形態和分(fen)布(bu)情況(kuang)的不同而對耐(nai)磨(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)產生不同的影(ying)晌。如果碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)沿晶界析出成網(wang)狀(zhuang)，則(ze)對耐(nai)磨(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)不利，因為其脆性(xing)(xing)容易促進裂紋擴展。如果顯做組織含有大量(liang)(liang)樹(shu)枝狀(zhuang)一次(ci)(ci)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，而只有很(hen)少量(liang)(liang)的二次(ci)(ci)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，對材(cai)料(liao)的耐(nai)磨(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)也(ye)無多(duo)大提高。為了改善顯徽組織中碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)這(zhe)種不理(li)想的形態和分(fen)布(bu)，應該選撣適當的鑄造工(gong)藝，或者進行適當的熱(re)處理(li)，消除(chu)晶界上(shang)網(wang)狀(zhuang)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和樹(shu)枝狀(zhuang)一次(ci)(ci)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。
鉻、鎢、鋁、釩、欽、視等(deng)是金屬耐磨(mo)材料(liao)最(zui)常用的(de)(de)形成(cheng)碳化物的(de)(de)元素。這些元素形成(cheng)的(de)(de)碳化物大致可(ke)分為(wei)立(li)方(fang)系(xi)、六方(fang)系(xi)和(he)斜方(fang)系(xi)三種晶體結構類型，如表 24 所示。
M3C型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)要(yao)是窩鐵(tie)(tie)的(de)(de)漆碳(tan)(tan)(tan)體明碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。如(ru)果(guo)鋼鐵(tie)(tie)材料中(zhong)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)鉻、鎢(wu)，則(ze)通(tong)常會形成(cheng)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)這(zhe)(zhe)些元素的(de)(de)合金滲(shen)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)體。M7C3型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)要(yao)是Cr7C3型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，在(zai)同時(shi)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)鎢(wu)等其他(ta)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形成(cheng)元素時(shi)，也會形成(cheng)溶(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)其他(ta)合金元素的(de)(de)合金轉(zhuan)M7C3型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。M7C3型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)熱穩定(ding)性比 M3C型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好，在(zai)奧氏體化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫度較高時(shi)才(cai)開始溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)。硬(ying)度比M7C3型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)低的(de)(de)M23C6型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是富(fu)(fu)鉻的(de)(de)Cr23C6型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)立(li)方系碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，能(neng)夠溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)大量(liang)鐵(tie)(tie)。如(ru)果(guo)鋼鐵(tie)(tie)材料含(han)(han)有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)翎(ling)或(huo)(huo)鎢(wu)，形成(cheng)的(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)結(jie)構近似于(yu)(yu)Fe21Mo2C6或(huo)(huo)Fe4MoC或(huo)(huo)Fe3W3C。如(ru)果(guo)材料中(zhong)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)鉻或(huo)(huo)釩，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也會溶(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)些元素。M2C 型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是富(fu)(fu)栩或(huo)(huo)富(fu)(fu)鎢(wu)塑六方系結(jie)構．相(xiang)當于(yu)(yu)Mo2C或(huo)(huo)W2C，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對烙有(you)(you)很高的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)度，但是含(han)(han)量(liang)極少(shao)。在(zai)含(han)(han)鉬或(huo)(huo)鎢(wu)的(de)(de)鋼鐵(tie)(tie)材料中(zhong)，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)只是在(zai)淬火(huo)后接近二次硬(ying)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)峰回火(huo)時(shi)產生。進一步(bu)提高回火(huo)溫度度則(ze)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)M6C型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)M23cC6型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。
